Analisis Kritis Pendekatan Hermeneutik Muhammad Said Al-Ashmawi Dalam Pentafsiran Isu Arak dan Riba

Critical Analysis of Muhammad Said Al-Ashmawi's Hermeneutic Approach in Interpreting the Issues of Alcohol and Usury

Abstract

The study of the confusion of thought in hermeneutic interpretation is an important discourse among contemporary scholars. Muhammad Said al-Ashmawi is one of the supporters of hermeneutic interpretation in relation to the verses of the Quran, which has caused polemics among Muslims. Therefore, this study aims to analyse Muhammad Said al-Ashmawi's hermeneutic approach to interpreting the Quranic verses concerning alcohol and usury. This qualitative study uses thematic content analysis methods on Quranic verses related to alcohol and gambling, especially Surah al-Baqarah: 219 and 173, al-Nisa’: 43, and al-Ma’idah: 90. Data were obtained from al-Ashmawi’s original works as well as classical and contemporary interpretation references for the purpose of comparison and critical evaluation. The findings of the study show that al-Ashmawi uses a contextual hermeneutic approach by interpreting the prohibition of alcohol as limited to intoxication, while consumption in small quantities is considered permissible. In addition, he also distinguishes between usury, which is prohibited in the Quran, and the benefits of modern banking institutions, which he believes are not exploitative. Therefore, the study finds that his hermeneutic interpretation clearly carries a liberalist ideology that contradicts the true methodology of Quranic interpretation in Islam. In conclusion, Muhammad Said al-Ashmawi's hermeneutic approach highlights the dangers of hermeneutic interpretation that seeks to liberalise the Quranic text through current developments. Therefore, understanding the methodology of interpretation that is muktabar and being alert to the dangers of hermeneutic interpretation is very important in ensuring that the purity and authenticity of the teachings of the Quran are always preserved.

Keywords: Hermeneutics; Al-Ashmawi; Liberalism; Alcohol; Usury

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ABSTRAK

Kajian terhadap kekeliruan pemikiran dalam tafsiran hermeneutik merupakan wacana penting dalam kalangan sarjana kontemporari. Muhammad Said al-Ashmawi merupakan antara pendokong tafsiran hermeneutik berkaitan ayat-ayat hukum sehingga menimbulkan polemik dalam kalangan umat Islam. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pendekatan hermeneutik Muhammad Said al-Ashmawi dalam mentafsir ayat-ayat al-Quran yang berkaitan dengan arak dan riba. Kajian berbentuk kualitatif ini menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan secara tematik terhadap ayat-ayat al-Quran berkaitan arak dan riba, terutamanya Surah al-Baqarah: 219 dan 173, al-Nisa’: 43, serta al-Ma’idah: 90. Data diperoleh daripada karya-karya asli al-Ashmawi serta rujukan tafsir klasik dan kontemporari untuk tujuan perbandingan dan penilaian kritikal. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa al-Ashmawi menggunakan pendekatan hermeneutik yang bersifat kontekstual dengan menafsirkan pengharaman arak hanya terbatas kepada keadaan mabuk, manakala pengambilan dalam kuantiti yang sedikit dianggap sebagai harus. Selain itu, beliau turut membezakan antara riba yang diharamkan dalam al-Quran dengan faedah institusi perbankan moden yang menurutnya tidak bersifat eksploitasi. Oleh demikian, kajian mendapati bahawa tafsiran hermeneutik beliau jelas membawa fahaman liberalisme yang bercanggah dengan metodologi tafsiran al-Quran yang sebenar dalam Islam. Kesimpulannya, pendekatan hermeneutik Muhammad Said al-Ashmawi memperlihatkan bahaya tafsiran hermeneutik yang cuba meliberalisasikan nas al-Quran dengan perkembangan semasa. Oleh itu, kefahaman terhadap metodologi tafsir yang muktabar dan kewaspadaan terhadap bahaya tafsiran hermeneutik amat penting untuk memastikan kesucian dan keaslian ajaran al-Quran sentiasa terpelihara.

Kata kunci: Hermeneutik; Al-Ashmawi; Liberalisme; Arak; Riba